This study choses Arabic as the subject of research with the aim to determine where it stands within the framework of typological classification and language universals. It establishes the place of Arabic among the world languages, including its development and geographical spread, to then explain the linguistic framework that will apply to the study of Arabic, including its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.
PREFACE - 7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - 13
TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEM - 15
LIST OF TABLES - 17
LIST OF FIGURES - 19
INTRODUCTION - 21
PART ONE
ARABIC AND ITS PLACE AMONG WORLD LANGUAGES
1.1. Arabic - 27
1.2. Origin - 28
1.3. Geography and the Spread of Arabic - 38
1.4. Population - 39
1.5. Dialects of Arabic - 41
1.6. Classical and Modern Standard Arabic - 45
PART TWO
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS AND TYPOLOGY
2.1. Language Universals - 49
2.1.1. Formal & Substantive Universals - 54
2.1.2. Implied-Non-Implied Universals - 55
2.1.3. Universality Studies - 57
2.1.4. Greenberg Universals and Arabic - 57
2.2. Linguistic Typology - 63
2.2.1. Typology and Universals - 65
2.2.2. Typological Parameters - 66
2.2.3. Typological Studies - 66
PART THREE
PHONOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY AND ARABIC
3.1. Phonology - 69
3.2. Phone - 71
3.3. Phoneme - 72
10 | Linguistic Typology of Arabic
3.3.1. Segmental Phoneme - 75
3.3.2. Suprasegmental Phoneme - 75
3.4. Allophone - 76
3.4.1. /l/ and [lˤ] - 77
3.4.2. /ɾˤ/ and [ɾ] - 78
3.4.3. /ɑ/, /ɛ/ and [e] - 79
3.5. Segmental Typology - 79
3.5.1. Consonants - 84
3.5.2. VVowels - 88
3.5.2.1. Quantity Contrast in Vowels- 91
3.5.2.1.1. [ɑ] and [ɑː] - 92
3.5.2.1.1.2. [ɛ] and [ɛː] - 93
3.5.2.1.3. [ɪ] and [ɪː] - 93
3.5.2.1.4. [ʊ] and [ʊː] - 93
3.5.2.2. Attribute Opposition in Vowels - 94
3.6. Syllable Typology- 94
3.6.1. Syllable Structure - 95
3.6.2. Superheavy & Supersuperheavy
Syllable Types - 99
3.6.3. Syllable Repair Processes - 100
3.6.3.1. Epenthesis - 101
3.6.3.2. Consonant Prosthesis - 102
3.7. Prosodic Typology - 102
3.7.1. Stress - 103
3.7.2. Intonation - 105
SECTION FOUR
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY AND ARABIC
4.1. Morphology - 107
4.2. Morph - 109
4.3. Morpheme - 110
4.4. Allomorph - 112
4.5. Clitic - 114
4.6. Word - 115
4.7. Lexeme - 117
4.8. Root, Stem & Affix - 118
4.9. Inflection and Derivation - 121
4.10. Morphological Typology and Classification of Languages - 126
4.10.1. Analytic Languages - 128
4.10.2. Synthetic Languages - 130
4.10.2.1. Agglutinative
Languages - 130
4.10.2.2. Fusional Languages - 131
4.10.2.3. Polysynthetic Languages - 132
SECTION FIVE
LEXICAL TYPOLOGY AND ARABIC
5.1. The Lexicon and Its Classes - 135
5.1.1. Word-formation - 136
5.1.1.1.1. Derivation - 137
5.1.1.1.2. Compounding - 142
5.2. Parts-of-speech - 146
5.2.1. Lexical Classes - 147
5.2.1.1.1. Noun - 148
5.2.1.2. Verb - 150
5.2.1.3. Adjective - 153
5.2.1.4. DAdverb - 156
5.2.2. Functional Classes - 157
5.2.2.1. Pronoun - 157
5.2.2.2.2. Preposition - 161
5.2.2.3. Numeral - 164
5.2.2.4. Article - 166
5.2.2.5. Conjunction - 167
5.2.2.6. Interjection - 169
SECTION SIX
SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY AND ARABIC
6.1. Subject - 172
6.2. Agreement - 177
6.3. Word Order - 179
6.4. Gender, Number and Person - 183
6.5. Case - 190
6.6. Relative Clause - 194
6.7. Voice - 198
6.8. Tense, Mood & Aspect - 202
CONCLUSION - 209
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 222
