This study follows the institutions, debates, and changes in the field of education from the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire to the twentieth-century Turkish Republic. The Constitutional Monarchy period was a key period in the Ottoman Empire, which introduced many changes to all aspects of the empire, including education. This book examines the traditional, elite, and Western-style modern educational institutions and studies their curricula, teaching methods, and staff. Moreover, it surveys debates in education, reform, and modernization movements and their impact on religious education.