Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala was an Indigenous chronicler who wrote the book Nuéva Crónica y Bien Gobierno (1615/1616) during the first period of the Conquista. It is about the life of the indigenous people and their relationship to the Spanish conquerers. The book has a lot of drawings which are unique. In many of them, musical instruments in the hands of musicians, and dancing are depicted. These depictions of instruments can be compared to archaeologically excavated instruments of earlier times, many of which completely disappeared during the Conquista. Guaman Poma must have known some of these instrument-types. When such historiographical points of view are considered, important questions of methodology in music archaeology are raised.