This paper explores the common misconception that vernacular translations of the Bible were not available prior to Luther. In fact, Luther may have relied on these to accomplish his own work toward what became a more preferable translation.

Christian analyzes priestly social dynamics in-depth as they develop through tribal history and specialization of tasks. He focuses on middle-tier Levites as their skills and specialized knowledge place them in upper classes but their work relegates them as intermediaries.

This article presents the ascription of physical disability as a strategy to communicate disapproval of icons in various passages of the Hebrew Bible. Idols are characterized as unable to interact with worshipers and unable to function independently.

Renz discusses the acrostic poetic form of Nahum 1. The alphabetic sequence is interrupted by YHWH’s actions, conveying that this poem is a communication about divine order and chaos. This sets the tone for the flood motif in Nahum 2.

This article describes the historical development of Armenian translations of Syriac literature from the 5th century, Intervening- and Clinician Periods. Significant works and figures are highlighted.

Takahashi and Weitenberg provide the history and linguistic analysis of Ms. Yale Syriac 9. Only three such Syriac-Armenian lexica are known to survive. The glossary is classified as the Western branch of Modern Armenian, attributed to Dialect Group 5.