Justin McCarthy is a controversial figure among historians of the Ottoman Empire. This collection of his work on demographics captures his views on the nature of the Ottoman populace in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. McCarthy argues that no study of Ottoman demographics is complete without looking at the official statistics collected through Ottoman censuses. McCarthy, therefore, pays less heed to travellers reports and the published figures of minority groups. McCarthy is primarily concerned with non-Muslim population figures and Muslim immigration into Anatolia during the nineteenth century. His work will be of interest to those who wish to consider his perspective on the question of Genocide, which is bound up with population statistics on the eve of the First World War. Population History of the Middle East and the Balkans also contains articles on other contested topics, whether it be population divisions in Ottoman Bosnia or Palestine.